NOTE 1 — NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

NATURE OF OPERATIONS

KORU MEDICAL SYSTEMS, INC. (the “Company,” “KORU Medical,” “KORU,” “we,” “us” or “our”) develops, manufactures and markets proprietary portable and innovative medical devices primarily for the ambulatory infusion market as governed by the United States Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) quality and regulatory system and international standards for quality system management.  The Company operates as one segment.

BASIS OF PRESENTATION

We prepare our financial statements and accompanying notes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”).  Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation in our Financial Statements.

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

For purposes of the statement of cash flows, the Company considers all short-term investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.  The Company holds cash in excess of $250,000 at its depository, which exceeds the FDIC insurance limits and is, therefore, uninsured.

INVENTORY

Inventories of raw materials are stated at the lower of standard cost, which approximates average cost, or market value including allocable overhead.  Work-in-process and finished goods are stated at the lower of standard cost or market value and include direct labor and allocable overhead.

We maintain reserves for excess and obsolete inventory resulting from the potential inability to sell certain products at prices in excess of current carrying costs.  We make estimates regarding the future recoverability of the costs of these products and record provisions based on historical experience, expiration of sterilization dates and expected future trends.  If actual product life cycles, product demand or acceptance of new product introductions are less favorable than projected by management, additional inventory write downs may be required, which could unfavorably affect future operating results.

INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Certain of our identifiable intangible assets, including patents and trademarks, are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives which range from 6 to 20 years.  All of our intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable.  Our management is responsible for determining if impairment exists and considers various factors when making these determinations.  Amortization expense related to intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $62,143 and $63,830, respectively.

The estimated amortization expense for the succeeding years for the intangible assets is approximately:

Schedule of amortization expense 

INCOME TAXES

Deferred income taxes are provided using the liability method whereby deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences.

The Company believes that it has no uncertain tax positions requiring disclosure or adjustment.

PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

Property and equipment are stated at original acquisition cost less accumulated depreciation.  Additions and improvements are capitalized which increase the value or extend the life of an asset, while maintenance and repair costs are expensed as incurred.  When assets are retired or otherwise disposed, the cost and related accumulated depreciation or amortization is removed from the respective accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in income.  Depreciation and amortization are calculated on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets which generally range from 3-10 years for furniture and office equipment, 3-12 years for manufacturing equipment and tooling and shorter of the lease term or their estimated useful lives for leasehold improvements. Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $524,994 and $399,300, respectively.

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

The Company maintains a stock option plan and omnibus equity incentive plan under which it grants stock options to certain executives, key employees and consultants. The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of the grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model.  All options are charged against income at their fair value.  The entire compensation expense of the award is recognized over the vesting period.

Shares of stock granted for director fees under the non-employee director compensation plan are recorded at the fair value of the shares at the grant date.

The Company has also issued shares of stock for director fees under its omnibus equity incentive plan. Those shares of stock granted are recorded at the fair value of the shares at the grant date.

The Company issues restricted stock awards. Restricted stock awards are equity classified and measured at the fair market value of the underlying stock at the grant date. The fair value of restricted stock awards vesting at certain market capitalization thresholds were estimated on the date of grant using the Brownian Motion Monte Carlo lattice model. The fair value of restricted stock awards with time-based vesting were estimated on the date of grant at the current stock price. We recognize restricted stock expense using the straight-line attribution method over the requisite service period and account for forfeitures as they occur.

NET LOSS PER COMMON SHARE

Basic earnings per share are computed on the weighted average of common shares outstanding during each year.  Diluted earnings per share includes only an increase in the weighted average shares by the common shares issuable upon exercise of stock options.  See “NOTE 4 — STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION” for further detail.

Schedule of net income per common share

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USE OF ESTIMATES IN THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes.  Actual results could differ from those estimates.  Important estimates include but are not limited to asset lives, valuation allowances, inventory valuation, and accruals.

REVENUE RECOGNITION

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which provides a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers.

The Company’s revenues result from the sale of assembled products.  We recognize revenues when shipment occurs, and at which point the customer obtains control and ownership of the goods.  Shipping costs generally are billed to customers and are included in sales.

The Company generally does not accept return of goods shipped unless it is a Company error.  The only credits provided to customers are for defective merchandise.  The Company warrants the syringe driver from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and the warranty does not include a performance obligation.  The costs under the warranty are expensed as incurred.

Provisions for distributor pricing and annual customer growth rebates are variable consideration and are recorded as a reduction of revenue in the same period the related sales are recorded or when it is probable the annual growth target will be achieved.  Rebates are provided to distributors for the difference in selling price to distributor and pricing specified to select customers.

The Company established an allowance for charging off uncollectible trade accounts receivable that have both of the following characteristics: (a) They have a contractual maturity of one year or less, (b) They arose from the sale of goods or services.

The following table summarizes net revenues by geography for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

Schedule of net revenues by geography

LEASES

In February 2016, the FASB issued a standard related to leases to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by requiring the recognition of right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet.  Most prominent among the changes in the standard is the recognition of ROU assets and lease liabilities by the Company for those leases classified as operating leases under current GAAP, while our accounting for capital leases remains substantially unchanged.  Under the standard, disclosures are required to meet the objective of enabling users of financial statements to assess the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases.  The standard became effective for us on January 1, 2019.  The standard had a material impact on our balance sheets but did not have a material impact on our statements of operations.  See “NOTE 5 — LEASES” for further detail.

ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS RECENTLY ADOPTED

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The amendments in this ASU simplify the accounting for income taxes by removing several exceptions including the exception to the general methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period when a year-to-date loss exceeds the anticipated loss for the year.  The amendments also improve consistent application of and simplify GAAP for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance.  The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020.  The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2021, and it had no impact on our financial statement disclosures.

ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS NOT YET ADOPTED

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which amends guidance on reporting credit losses for assets held at amortized cost basis and available for sale debt securities.  For assets held at amortized cost basis, Topic 326 eliminates the probable initial recognition threshold in current GAAP and, instead, requires an entity to reflect its current estimate of all expected credit losses.  The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial assets to present the net amount expected to be collected.  For available for sale debt securities, credit losses should be measured in a manner similar to current GAAP, however Topic 326 will require that credit losses be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down.  This ASU affects entities holding financial assets and net investment in leases that are not accounted for at fair value through net income.  The amendments affect loans, debt securities, trade receivables, net investments in leases, off balance sheet credit exposures, reinsurance receivables, and any other financial assets not excluded from the scope that have the contractual right to receive cash.  The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years.  The Company is assessing the impact of the adoption of the ASU on its financial statements, disclosure requirements and methods of adoption.

The Company considers the applicability and impact of all recently issued accounting pronouncements.  Recent accounting pronouncements not specifically identified in our disclosures are either not applicable to the Company or are not expected to have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Fair value is the exit price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability.  Fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined using assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value should maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.  To measure fair value, the Company uses the following fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable:

The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses, accounts payable and accrued expenses are considered to be representative of their fair values because of the short-term nature of those instruments.  There were no transfers between levels in the fair value hierarchy during the year ended December 31, 2022.

IMPAIRMENT OF LONG-LIVED ASSETS

The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable.  An impairment loss would be recognized when estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition are less than the carrying amount.  The impairment loss, if recognized, would be based on the excess of the carrying value of the impaired asset over its respective fair value.  No impairment losses have been recorded through December 31, 2022.